This paper was for the first time conducted in a nursery in order to pioneer forest trees (Elaeagnus rhamnoides) and to determine the effects of different treatments on seed germination in Iran. This species is resistance for plantation. For this purpose, seeds originating in Qazvin were placed in the nursery. Treatments included three factors including seed pretreatments (control, cold, ice water, hot water, lime juice and Gibberellin acid), soils (control, Stockosorb, sand and compost) and irrigation (control and supplement water). These treatments were accomplished in CRD experimental designs with five replicates. At the end (65st day) number and percentage of germination, number of days until germination, mean germination time, germination rate, germination energy, maximum germination, germination value were calculated. Means of germination percent in control irrigation were 7.5, 23.75, 21.25, 0, 15, and 42.5. Average germination percentage of pretreatments and same attributes with supplementary irrigation were 1.25, 43.75, 35, 1.25, 8.75, and 46.25 respectively. Mean of germination in soil factor were 0.83, 3.54, 8.12 and 8.02 respectively. Germination in all treatments and at whole levels was on average 20.52 percent. The highest germination percentage was observed in the sand. The highest average germination was seen in Gibberellin treatment.
Thyme is a perennial herb of the mint family and is native to the Mediterranean. It has Lance-shaped small and green leaves, ranging from 6 to 12 mm long, short and square stem at the bottom of the wooden stem and it is green in its younger part. \nCopper (Cu) and Plumbago (Pb) are of heavy metals that its toxic effects in different plants are to be examined from different physiological, biochemical, molecular, cellular and genetic aspects. In this research, the toxic effect of copper and plumbago on some morphological and physiological traits of Thyme was examined. Copper metal in the form of copper sulfate at density of 0, 150, 300 and 400 mg per kg of dry soil and plumbago in the form of plumbago nitrate, 0, 200, 400, 600 mg per kg of dry soil and simultaneous application of the two metals with determined density was used. After the growth of the plants for four weeks in the contaminated soil, aerial part height, root length, wet weight and dry weight of aerial and root organs, Proline and lipid peroxidation level in the leaves were measured. The results of the present research suggest the negative and toxic effect of heavy metals copper and plumbago on Thyme, generally with increase of copper and plumbago density in the growth environment, growth indices have reduced. In exploration of the effect of copper and plumbago on Proline and lipid peroxidation in Thyme, an immense influence of the two metals on the above-mentioned indices in the plant was seen.
The main purpose of this study was to investigation of factors affecting academic achievement of agricultural students at Razi University of Kermanshah, Iran. The population of this study consisted of all fourth year agricultural students of Razi University (N=257), from which 154 student were selected as the sample using the proportionate stratified sampling method. The main instrument in this study was questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by the panel of experts and its reliability was established by Cronbach\'s Alpha coefficient (α>0.70). Data was analyzed by SPSSWin20 and LISREL8.54 software in two parts of descriptive and inferential statistics. Results of Correlation analysis showed that social capital was significantly correlated with academic achievement (P<0.01). Also, results of path analysis indicated that social capital had a positive and significant effect on students’ academic achievement (γ= 0.83, t=11.44, R2=0.69). Finding of this study can have practical implications concerning agricultural students’ academic achievement for higher agricultural education mangers, planners and educators.
The main purpose of this study was to investigate and analysis of attitude of agricultural extension experts towards organic farming in Kermanshah Township, Iran. The Statistical population in this study consisted of all agriculture extension experts of Jihad-e-Agriculture management and centres of agricultural services in Kermanshah Township (N=148), that 123 of them were selected as research sample using random simple sampling method. The main instrument in this study was questionnaire. Data was analyzed by SPSSWin20 and LISREL8.54 software. Results of Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the validity of measurement model of attitude towards organic farming in Kermanshah Township. Results showed that the attitude of the majority (57%) of agricultural extension experts toward organic farming in Kermanshah Township was at the neutral level. Findings of mean comparison showed that there were significant differences between attitudes of agricultural extension experts toward organic farming in Kermanshah Township based on field of study. In addition, the results of multiple regression analysis indicated that about 35 percent of attitudes of agricultural extension experts toward organic farming is explained by amount of study of research journal and amount using of internet. Results of this study have applications for managers of Jihad-e-Agriculture management and centers of agricultural services in order to increase attitudes of agricultural extension experts toward organic farming.