A number of studies have explored the impact of urbanization on environmental status. These
studies overlook the influence of important factors of urbanization; city\'s land extension (reduction
in agriculture land). Amid to these missing relevant variables, their econometric models can be
further enhanced to maintain the axiom of the correct specification to some extent. This study in
hand has two main contributions in this setup, first explored the potential determinants of
urbanization and environmental status by considering cities land extension (reduction in
agricultural land). Second, it dealt with correct specification used an unrestricted generalized
model that contains almost all the relevant variables from 1970 to 2019. The ARDL model is
employed to estimate the static long-run impact of cities\' land extension and urbanization on
environmental status. The study concluded that in the context of Pakistan, various determinants
are responsible for urban expansion leading to ecological degradation in the long run. It
is, therefore, suggested to focus on the policies related to urban development to secure natural
habitat

In datacenters of cloud computing, the leader nodes are used to coordinate among servers for processing of data, task/job, and resource sharing. The head node delivers cost-effective computational services to the end-users. The leader node increases the performance through deadlock handling and minimizing latency rate. However, the selection of a leader node is a challenging task due to considering the resources like Memory, CPU-MIPS, Throughput and Bandwidth etc. In literature the proposed methods for leader selection are failed to select the leader node based on the optimal resources. To deal with pre-mentioned challenges, we have introduced an optimal Genetic Based leader Selection (GBLS) technique. The proposed GBLS algorithm considers the available resources of nodes during the leader selection process. Initially, in the datacenter the scheduler algorithm randomly maps the task on different servers for initial population. After that, it calculates the weightage of each node through the fittest function (FF) that is based on the availability of resources of each node. Secondly, the genetic operation namely crossover is performed to select the best computational nodes as leaders. The proposed GBLS technique is compared with the basic Genetic Algorithm (GA), Bees Life Algorithm (BLA), and Heterogeneous Earliest Finished Time (HEFT) technique. The experimental results validate that the proposed technique performed better in following parameters for instance execution time, memory utilization, and SLA Violation against state-of-the-art schemes.

Egg decontamination methods change according to each country\'s legislation. However, this practice is unanimous, since contamination in fresh eggs is caused by fungi both from field and storage species. In free-range breeding systems where chickens are exposed to a series of pathogenic microorganisms, field and storage fungi can contaminate eggs. One of the main fungi disseminators is the substrate used in nests, especially when forage or crop residues (straw or shavings) are used for the lining. Chemical sanitizers have in their formulation, peracetic acid (PAA) in several concentrations, which can eliminate pathogenic microorganisms resistant to other types of disinfectants. Through the images we can see that a concentration of 75, 150 ppm of the APA solution reduced the development of fungi spores and hyphae, compromising the external structure of the skin mildly. On the other hand, PAA 300 ppm concentration can start micro fragmentation in some sensitive regions of the membrane and compromise egg quality. The oxidation reactions involved in the PAA sanitization mechanism cause its decomposition into acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and water. It is likely that the concentration of acetic acid produced could interact with the eggshell compounds and cause the microfragmentations observed in the micrographs. Thus, further studies are necessary to establish an ideal concentration of PAA as antifungal agent to egg so that it controls the development of fungi, preventing contamination by mycotoxins and does not affect eggshell structure.

Most of the international relations theories explain that states form military alliances in response to common external threats. Conversely, alliances should disintegrate when the threats that occasioned their formation disappear. When the cold war ended in Europe, many observers ex¬pected that NATO\'s demise would soon follow. Even if the alliance did not disappear altogether, it would become an empty shell, no longer performing any useful functions. However, NATO has not become moribund. However, NATO has not only survived but has even added to its elaborate organizational bodies and undertaken new activities. We discuss in this article about Theoretical foundation expansion NATO after cold war.

This study aims to determine an appropriate spatial interpolation method in the mapping of various physical and hydraulic properties of soils. For this purpose, the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), Global Polynomial Interpolation (GPI), Local Polynomial Interpolation (LPI), Radial Basis Functions (RBF) and kriging spatial interpolation methods were used.
The method that produced the lowest root mean square error for each variable was deemed to be the best method for that variable. The best methods were determined to be RBF for infiltration, IDW for hydraulic conductivity at 0-30 cm depth, GPI for hydraulic conductivity at 30-60 cm depth, LPI for soil field capacity and soil wilting point, LPI for soil bulk density at 0-30 cm depth and RBF for soil bulk density at 30-60 cm depth. Thus, the most appropriate spatial interpolation methods were determined in mapping of the soil parameters mentioned.

This paper deals with the visualization of the people in relation to their environment. As a study, it deals with both cultural and social change. The migrants and their children were the subject of these observations, which preceded the research and choice of sample for the case study. The observations listed below have been obtained from Palestinian settlements, Jabal El-Hussein camp, as far as the first generation of migrants and their children\'s are concerned. The comparison between the two generations gives a clear idea of the cultural systems that organized the camp. Also, the comparison shows the cultural habits that create the spaces in family\'s houses.

In the theory on linear differential equations (LDE) conditions of reducibility to equations with constant coefficients are known [1]. To prove value of the study and to solve relevant characteristic equations of Riccati type instead of LDEs themselves we obtain conditions of reducibility in another manner.

This article introduces the concept of gradual(or partial) reducibility of linear differential equations (LDE) with variable coefficients. In this article we construct algorithm for reducing the order of LDE with variable coefficients which after replacing variable has at least one solution of exponential form y(t)  et .So reduced equation with new variable coefficients has at least one solution of the et form.The second order LDE with variable coefficients is studied in details.The method of solution of LDE by step-by-step reducibility is offered and some specific equations are solved for illustration purposes.

Performance and the transient behaviour of a salt gradient solar pond through computer simulation are investigated in this paper. All thermal and hydrodynamic properties of the fluid, which is taken to be sodium chloride solution in water, have been considered to be varying with temperature and concentration and this will cause energy and mass transfer equations to be coupled. Solar radiation reaching the pond and the amount absorbed by it as well as ambient temperature are modeled according to geographical data. Temperature and concentration fields obtained by software simulation have been compared with the experimental results from a solar pond located in Tunisia [4], with the same conditions, and good agreement is observed.